​Janet Augusta Boyd was born in 1855 to George and Anne Haig. Part of a large extended family her niece Margaret Thomas Haig, and her cousins Louisa and Florence Haig also became suffragettes. In 1874 Janet married George Boyd, a solicitor. His father was Edward Fenwick Boyd, an industrialist based in the north east of England who built a substantial family house called Moor House in the small village of Leamside on the outskirts of Durham. In due course George inherited the house and Janet and their four daughters moved in. George died in 1909 and this seems to have allowed Janet to pursue her contribution to the fight for suffrage for women.

The Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette dated June 12th 1911 reported that Janet had refused to pay her rates amounting to £21 and in consequence an auction was to be held at her house to raise the funds. Janet offered a Spanish mantilla for sale which was bought by her gardener presumably funded by his employer. The auctioneer announced his support for the campaign and a member of the WSPU came to address the crowd. Prior to this it seems likely Janet joined the protest against the 1911 census return as she does not appear.

Janet was first arrested on November 19th 1911 for breaking a window in the Strand. In court she stated “I don’t consider I was guilty, because I was doing it for a good purpose.” She was fined 10 shillings and three shillings for the damage. Her second arrest was in March 1912. At the first hearing she was committed for trial alongside her cousin Florence Haig for breaking two windows each at D H Evans to a value of £66. She was sentenced to six months imprisonment. Florence stated that if she was bound over to keep the peace she would feel like a soldier deserting in the middle of battle was sentenced to four months. Following a hunger strike when she was not force fed she was released in June of that year. She was one of the women who “signed” a hankerchief owned now by the Priest House at Hoathly.[i]
​
She died in December 1928 and is included in the Suffragette Roll of Honour.

The next entry reads Dinah or Nina Boyle who was arrested on several occasions during 1912, 1913 and 1914. Born Constance Antonia in 1865 to Robert, an army captain and Frances her father died when she was four years old. Her widowed mother was left with six children, the youngest of whom David was only a few months old. At some point Nina went to live in South Africa where she was a journalist writing for the Transvaal Leader alongside nursing during the Boer War. She wrote to the Times newspaper of the unequal treatment metered out to Boer and loyalist refugees. Interested in women’s rights she founded the Women's Enfranchisement League of Johannesburg.

Nina returned to England in 1911. She was initially active in the Victoria League and Colonial Intelligence League for Educated Women. The former she resigned from when she felt they were pursuing an anti-suffrage stance. She spoke at a meeting of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies in Redhill in April 1911 about the suffrage campaign in South Africa. Present was Mrs Harley, sister of Charlotte Despard with whom Nina was soon to become closely involved. A month later she addressed a joint conference of suffrage groups in Edinburgh highlighting the unpaid work women undertook without which the country would suffer.

Shortly, thereafter she joined the Women’s Freedom League whose President was Charlotte Despard. She regularly addressed meetings and was elected to the executive. She also was a member of the Tax Resistance League. Nina was arrested alongside Charlotte Despard and Julia Wood and charged with obstruction. Current regulations banned protests in Trafalgar Square. In breach of these Charlotte mounted a plinth addressing a growing crowd, standing alongside her was Julia and Nina who rang a hand bell. They all refused to descend and were arrested. Nina was fined 60 shillings or 10 days imprisonment. The other two were treated similarly. All elected to go to prison. However not long afterwards their fines were paid and they were released.

A similar ban on public speaking had been imposed in Hyde Park.  In May 1913 Nina and Annie Munroe were arrested for attempting to break the ban. At the same time four of the Women’s Freedom League executive including Nina wrote to every police force urging them to refuse to rearrest any woman who had been released from imprisonment suffering from the effects of force feeding, in other words women released under the Cat and Mouse Act on licence. In court Nina and Annie were fined 20 shillings or fourteen days imprisonment. They both elected to go to prison. Both complained about the conditions of the prison vans where contrary to the attestation by the Home Secretary that men and women were separated within the vans this was not the case. They both served their sentences in full.

Nina returned immediately to campaigning. In November 1913 Nina along with others was arrested  and charged with obstruction. At the initial hearing Nina applied for an adjournment so she could call witnesses. The magistrate was far from amenable to which she retorted “Why should we be dictated to by Mr Muskett, sitting there with his ears cocked like an intelligent terrier?”[ii] Her requested was granted and she was bailed for a week. At the reconvened hearing Nina was bound over to keep the peace, on her refusal to agreed she was sent to prison for one day.

Campaigning swiftly resumed and Nina travelled the country addressing meetings. In July 1914 she was arrested and charged with obstruction. Five women, Nina gave her name as Ann Smith, chained themselves to the door in the waiting room of the Marlborough Street Police Court temporarily housed Francis Street. The police cut them free putting them outside of the building from whence they refused to move. They were each bailed for a £2 surety. At the trial Nina when entering the witness box exclaimed “Here we are again! It’s quite like coming to see old friends.”[iii] She was fined forty shillings or a week imprisonment.

Immediately after the outbreak of World War 1 Nina lobbied for the founding of a female body of Special Constables who could protect women and children in the absence of the men. She also was an active member of the Women Suffrage National Aid Corps formed to provide support services to women whose husbands were away fighting. Without any government approval for her proposal regarding women police Nina together with Margaret Dawson continued on their own and by January 1915 the Corps of Women Police Volunteers had been formed. Courses were undertaken in first aid, court rules and self-defence. Everyone wore a uniform, Nina being one of the first. However, she split from the Corps when they sought to curtail the freedom of women by imposing a curfew on prostitutes. Although a women’s force continued to operate in London and Brighton under the auspices of the Women’s Freedom League.

In October 1915 Nina was charged with failing to register under the Alien Restriction Order 1915. The case was dismissed when it was held the summons had not been issued correctly. In due course she was awarded damages for her illegal arrest. Nina used this experience to raise awareness of the lack of reasonable treatment for women held in police cells where there was no accommodation for women nor any women gaolers.

Towards the end of 1916 Nina travelled to the Salonika Front to act as a nursing orderly. It was widely reported in the press prior to this that her fiancée had been killed and perhaps that is what prompted her to take this step. There Nina renewed her acquaintance with Katherine Harley who was eager to learn of her sister Charlotte. Nina remained for eight months. On her return she continued with campaigning and supporting the wives left behind.

In 1918 Nina announced that she would stand in a by election as a prospective member of Parliament for Keighley. It was ruled that as a women she could stand but as her nomination papers were incorrectly completed she could not. This acceptance of a woman’s right to stand allowed others to stand in the general election in 1918.
Nina remained politically active for the rest of her life particularly supported the National Union of Women Teachers and the Save the Children Fund. She also wrote novels. She died in March 1943.
 
 
 


[i] https://sussexpast.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Priest-House-suffragette-handkerchief.pdf

[ii] Globe November 17 1913

[iii] Daily Record July 14 1914

Grace Hosdson Boutelle was arrested once on October 14th 1908 as part of a contingent attempting to deliver a petition to the House of Commons. Grace was American, born in Maine in 1869 to Charles and Lucy Boutelle. Her father served in the United States Navy and on his discharge, became a businessman who served as a Republican Congressman.
Grace was musical and literary writing poetry which was published in American magazines.  Her mother died in 1891 she often acted as his hostess. By 1900 her father was suffering from dementia, unusually although he was confined to a Lunatic Asylum he was re-elected to the House of Representatives although he was too ill to ever return. Grace moved with her father from Washington to Waverley, Massachusetts. The Newcastle Courant dated December 8th 1900 includes an article from The York World about her plight drawing a parallel with Lear and Cordelia. Daily she visited her father spending all his waking hours with him, taking him for carriage drives, making small talk. This she did until he died May 21st 1901.
 Following her father’s death Grace spread her wings. She travelled to England where she became a suffragette writing articles for both the British and American press. Alongside her suffragette activities she studied English Folk Music.
For her actions on October 14th 1908 she was sentenced to thirty days imprisonment. She returned to America permanently in 1910 where she gave lectures on her experiences as a suffragette in England and on her time in prison often in her prison uniform. In later life she taught piano, singing and instructed people in the genre of English Folk music.
She died on August 25th 1957 in Maine.
For a picture and more information: http://bangordailynews.com/2010/08/23/living/bangor-suffragette-jailed-in-london
Eugenia Bouvier who was arrested twice on February 8th 1908 and July 12th 1909. She was born Eugenia Anna Weber in Russia in 1865. She married Paul Emile who was born in Italy. The couple settled in Lewisham where Paul taught French. The couple had one daughter Irene Eugenie born in 1893. In 1904 Paul died. Eugenia was often known as Jeannie. In the Suffrage Movement by Sylvia Pankhurst she referred to her as the “brave, persistent Russian.”
The first record of Eugenia being involved in the suffragette movement is a report in the Berkshire Chronicle dated January 25th 1908. A meeting in Reading being addressed by the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Augustine Birrell, was interrupted by women demanding the vote. Entry to the meeting was by ticket only to prevent any protest but somehow the group of women had successfully gained entry. Seven women including Eugenia were in the hall and at regular intervals shouted out Votes for Women. One by one the seven women made themselves known and having spoken either left the hall themselves or were ejected. Outside the women regrouped addressing the gathering crowd. A group of young men heckled the speakers in turn shouting “It’s a different girl again” “Half time”. Later when the women walked to the train station the men followed them, chanting and attempting to gain access to the platform but the women managed to leave safely.
On February 12th Eugenia was part of a group attempting to enter the Houses of Parliament. One newspaper described it the attempt as like “the wooden horse of Troy.” Two vans drove past Parliament with men in the usual green aprons sitting on the tailboards. One carried on but the other stopped, the men jumped down opening the backdoors from which appeared a group of suffragettes who ran quickly towards the nearest door to Parliament. The police although caught unawares managed to stop them. More vans pulled up decanting more women, more scuffles and arrests followed.
In the meantime, in Caxton Hall a conference called the Parliament of Women was taking place. After several speeches, it was resolved that the women would march to Parliament. Scuffles broke out between the women and the police whilst others circled the area in cabs with megaphones shouting Votes of Women. Eugenia was one of those arrested.  She was fined £40 or six weeks in prison.
Only a week later Eugenia staged another protest. Along with two others, Mrs Watson and Miss Fraser, they dressed in evening clothes and took a cab from the WSPU headquarters at Clement’s Inn to the Admiralty. As no tickets were asked for they had no difficulty in entering the reception being hosted by Reginald Mackenna, First Lord of the Admiralty, and his wife. Eugenia informed the press afterwards that she shook the hands of Mr and Mrs Mckenna and the Prime Minister, all of whom were unaware that she was a gate crasher. Towards the end of the evening there was a lull in the music so she mounted a chair, close to Mackenna, and asked him, from her lofty position, his views on votes for women. Surprised he walked away but Eugenia continued addressing the throng. A member of staff intervened, helped her off the chair, and escorted her from the building where she was joined by the other two women.
Two days later Eugenia was in action again at the inaugural dinner of the Certified Grocers at which Augustine Birrell amongst others was present. Dressed in a white full length dress adorned with a large spray of poppies Eugenia interrupted Augustine Birrell’s address from the gallery. Several guests ran upstairs to remove her only to discover that she had chained herself to the gallery railings using steel chain and two padlocks, the whole had been disguised by wrapping it in cotton wool. Next to her was another suffragette who it turned out had also chained herself to the railings. The stewards resorted to forcing them into their seats and silencing them by covering their mouths with napkins. Both the women continued to attempt to speak and jump up from their seats. Eventually they were cut free whilst the pianist played a Merry Widow to drown out the noise of sawing. They were both removed from the building.
In July 1909 Eugene was arrested for breaking a window at the Privy Council. She was fined £5 and the cost of replacing the window or a month in prison. At this she announced she trusted she would be treated as a political prisoner, the Magistrate retorted that it was not a political offence. He stated that throwing stones was what small hooligan boys did, Eugenia pointed out that stone throwing was used as a protest to the Reform Act. Eugenia went on hunger strike and along with others was released on July 21st 1909.
Eugenia continued campaigning. She addressed a meeting in Plymouth, a few months after her release. In 1912 present at the opening of new WSPU offices in Lewisham the crowd of around three thousand became hostile throwing eggs. Eugenia and others had to escape assisted by the police. This was repeated on several occasions over the next year when she addressed meetings. Eugena carried on campaigning after the outbreak of war. In 1915 she joined Sylvia Pankhurst on the platform addressing a meeting in East London where it was resolved to campaign on the basis of obtaining the vote for all, women and men. To this end the East End group was renamed the Worker’s Suffrage League, Eugenia being elected to the committee. Alongside this campaign Eugenia was against conscription addressing a No Conscription Conference in December 1915. This led to a demonstration in January the following year which Eugenia addressed.
Nothing has been found for Eugenia after 1916. At some point she travelled to Russia where she died in 1933.
 

Dorothea Boulter was arrested on December 15th 1913 for smashing six panes of glass at Richmond upon Thames police station. She was born Dorothea Anna Georgina Connell circa 1857 in Ireland marrying Harold Baxter Boulter, a doctor.  The 1891 census records the family living in Sandown on the Isle of Wight. By this point they had two children: Dorothy born in 1882 and Christopher born a year later. Eleven years later they had a second daughter, Norah, by which stage they were living in Richmond where Harold was a doctor. Whilst both the daughters are included on the 1911 census return Dorothea is not possibly in a protest as her husband has left the number of years married blank.
According to the evidence Dorothea arrived at the police station equipped with a copy of the Suffragette newspaper and a hammer.  The reason for her actions was the failure to gain the vote and the treatment of Mrs Pankhurst who had been rearrested. Dorothea was fined 40 shillings or ten days in prison. Harold offered to pay the fine but Dorothea declined as he did not agree with her views although he was a good man. Despite this refusal Harold paid the fine.

Harold died a few years later in 1915. Dorothea continued to live in Richmond later moving to Eastbourne where she died in 1949.

The next entry is Helen Bourchier, a member of the Women’s Freedom League, who was arrested on January 31st 1908. Helen and eight gathered outside Asquith’s house holding banners proclaiming “Votes for Women.” After a while they started ringing and knocking on the front door, the butler declining them entry. Their next move was to host an impromptu rally on the steps addressing the gathering crowd. At which point four of them, Helen along with Mrs Dempsey, Mrs Duval and Mrs Sanderson were arrested. In court, they were fined 40 shillings or a month imprisonment. They all elected for prison.

The event is recalled in Sylvia Pankhurst’s book The Suffragette. The women elected to defend themselves. Helen was the first to speak but was cut off by the magistrate “Behave yourself! You are the bell-weather of the flock.” On sentencing the magistrate stated his regret that he could not give them a stiffer sentence but this was all the law allowed him. “I do not consider it by any means a fair measure of your deserts.”
Helen Johnston Bourchier was born on October 24th 1852 in Somerset, the daughter of Charles and Margaret. Her father was a soldier holding the rank of Lieutenant Colonel when he died in 1866. A dependent’s allowance was from there on until they reached majority paid to Helen, her brother Charles and sister Margaret. Following their father’s death the family initially settled in Clutton, Somerset where their grandfather had been Rector. By the 1881 census return Helen’s mother and sister had moved to Finsbury Park in North London although Helen’s whereabouts are unknown. A year later her sister married Peter Purves, a land agent, to which Helen was a witness. Their brother has also married and was serving in the army.

In 1890 their mother died. Helen was a doctor who qualified in Paris.  The Dundee Courier, January 26th 1886, records that six women are more or less practising medicine successfully in Paris, one of whom was Helen. According to her obituary she practised medicine for some years in India, an experience which influenced her novels.  In the early 1900s she was appointed to the Honorary Medical Staff when the Battersea Hospital was established. In those records Helen is stated to be still residing in Paris which would explain why she appears on few United Kingdom records. Although Helen does appear to have around this time maintained an address in Notting Hill advertising for a lodger or patient to live with her. She wrote novels such as Darry’s Awakening and The Ranee’s Rupees, attended séances contributing to the The Occult Review, believed in theosophy and was a vegetarian, her interests running in parallel with other fighters for votes for women such as Charlotte Despard. An anti-vivisectionist Helen was a founding member of the Pioneer Anti-Vivisection Society becoming its President. Vivisection, she believed, led to a passion for experimentation which was not always halted when experimentation involved the human being if it was a woman.  
On her release from prison she wrote an article for Women’s Realm on her experiences “I am not a young woman, and a good deal of my life has been spent alone .... Yet I found even that short term of imprisonment, in some subtle way affecting my mind …. But the fact which showed me most startlingly the effect produced on my mind by the unnatural conditions of seclusion, silence and monotony, which prevail in Holloway, was the growth of a strange feeling of apprehension, of shrinking from the outside world.”[i] In another interview to the press she commented that being a vegetarian her diet consisted of one egg, potato, carrot or onion in place of meat. Her article led to an inspector being appointed by the government to report on conditions in Holloway Prison.

In October 1908 Helen was involved in another protest, this time at the House of Commons, organised by members of the Women’s Freedom League. It was organised to start at exactly 8.30pm. A group of women including Helen entered the Ladies Gallery from which ladies were permitted to view the proceedings in the House of Commons from behind a metal grille. At the appointed hour two of the women chained themselves to the grille, rose to their feet and commenced to address the few MPs in the House. One attendant attempted to silence them by placing his hand over their mouths but Helen stepped in and prevented him. Two other protests in the precincts of the Houses of Parliament took place simultaneously. A male supported seated in the Stranger’s Gallery threw down into the chamber votes for women literature. After some wrestling the attendants managed to snap part of the grille off and dragged the women from the gallery still attached by chains to the grille. Although several women were arrested Helen was not.

When the 1911 census was taken Helen refused to participate, her entry being completed by the collector. Across it is written “No votes for women. No census”.  Her occupation is given as doctor (believed to be of medicine), her age is estimated at around fifty and her place of birth is blank. At the time Helen was living in Fulham.

Helen died in 1918 in Kensington, London. Just before she died she wrote to a friend “I expect to be soon on the ethereal plane.”

 


[i] Marxists Internet Archive

​Nora Black was arrested twice between 1910 and 1911. Her first arrest was on Black Friday, November 10th 1911. As discussed in an earlier blog all the charges were dropped when the government came under close scrutiny for the way the women were treated.  On both occasions she gave her address as WSPU headquarters, Clement’s Inn. Her second arrest on November 25th 1911 was for breaking a window at the Privy Council offices to a value of £2 6d. In her defence she stated that she had taken this action as it was the only form of intelligence the government understood. She was fined 10 shillings plus the cost of repairing the window or seven days in prison. Without an age or address no further information has been found.

Charlotte Blacklock was a member of the Chelsea Branch of the WSPU. In the November 19th 1908 addition of Votes for Women she writes about the members parading the streets of Chelsea “wearing placards of purple, green and white..acting the part of sandwich men.” [i] Born in 1857 in Brighton she was the daughter of Joseph and Emma Blacklock. In the 1861 census return Joseph describes himself as chemist, druggist and soda water manufacturer. In 1876 Joseph died and Emma continued running the business with as he got older assistance from her eldest son Philip. Charlotte is not recorded on the census returns as having an occupation until the 1891 where she is stated to be a governess. From thereafter she does not appear on any census return. It maybe that working as a governess took her to Chelsea.

Charlotte was a regular columnist in Votes for Women reporting on the activities of the Chelsea branch. In the April 23rd 1909 edition she sets out the arrangements for the Chelsea Art stall and an intended visit by Laurence Housman who co-founded the Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage and was an acclaimed author. It was an artistic world that Charlotte was familiar through her relationship with her cousin, Amy Sawyer, an artist. On March 11th 1912 Charlotte was arrested for her part in a window smashing campaign being charged with damaging a window at the premises of Charles Lynton, Piccadilly valued at £6 15 shillings. Her defence informed the court that the value of the window was significantly smaller than that alleged. One hundred and twenty-six women were arrested having caused an alleged £4000 of damage. Charlotte was sentenced to four months imprisonment, a harsh sentence of a first offence. She went on hunger strike and was force fed. The WSPU awarded her a hunger strike medal which is now part of the collection at the Museum of Australian Democracy along with a portrait painted by her cousin Amy Sawyer. Charlotte moved in 1918 to Ditchling, Sussex. She died in 1931.

Violet Bland was born in 1863, the eldest child of William and Violet. The family lived in the village of Bayston Hill, a few miles south of Shrewsbury, Shropshire where her father worked as a labourer. As was often the way Violet left home and was employed as a kitchen maid at Dudmaston Hall about thirty miles from her family home.

No trace of Violet can be found until the early 1900s when she ran Henley Park Grove, a substantial house, as a Ladies College of Domestic Science from 1904 to 1911[ii] to the north of Bristol. In advertisements under the title of Ladies College is included Home for Health and Culture. Lectures were hosted by the Secretary of the Vegetarian Society, a Christmas party was promoted running from December 23rd 1904 to January 9th 1905 which included classes in hygienic cooking and food values for a cost of 35 shillings a week, this rose to 2 guineas a week if   Swedish gymnastics and dancing classes were required. Lectures were to be held on subjects such as Uric Acid in Relation to Health or How the Vegetable World replaces the Animal World.

By 1906 Violet was no longer advertising the Ladies College but was offering first class board and lodgings complete with tennis and croquet. Over the year the advertisement altered drawing attention to the fact the property was heated in the winter and there was a gymnasium. The ever entrepreneurial Violet had branched out again by 1907 advertising for an attendant to assist with a rheumatic patient. Advertising for other staff who should be “useful help” explained “a boy” was “kept” already. Another required a man to tend the garden and the cow. By 1908 Violet had clearly moved far away from the original business selling off folding college beds and hockey sticks with pads described as nearly new. At the same time the Bristol authorities were planning to buy the house and open a hostel for men attending the Bristol Training College. Violet continued to sell off equipment from the school.

Violet joined the WSPU in Bristol. Lillian Dove Wilcox was also a member who was arrested in 1909 for being part of a deputation to the House of Commons. She was sentenced to one month in prison. She went on hunger strike. When her release date was known the women of the Bristol WSPU organised a reception committee to meet Lilian and Mary Allen, another released suffragette, off the train and accompany them in a procession to Violet’s house where refreshments were provided. One of the guests of honour was Annie Kenney who addressed the reception and along with Violet presented the ex-prisoners with leather belts with silver buckles. Violet spoke of the public spirit and endurance shown by the women.

In the Western Daily Press dated August 27th 1910 an advertisement was placed selling off furniture and effects from the house including twenty-one beds and over fifty chairs which indicates the size of the house. Not long afterwards Violet moved to London and opened a boarding house in central London.

Violet was first arrested for her part in Black Friday when the government dropped the charges against the women. The second arrest in March 1912 was alongside Ethel Baldock [see blog Three Bakers Two Baldocks]. They were jointly accused of breaking a window worth £10 at the Commercial Cable Company in Northumberland Avenue, London. Violet was sentenced to four months and was removed to Aylesbury Prison. In the July 5th 1912 edition of Votes for Women Violet described being force feed “They pinched and clutched my nose unmercifully …. and I did not rise quickly from the chair … they snatched the chair from under me, and flung me on the floor…. There is no doubt whatever about the attacks being made with the object of breaking us down… They twisted my neck, jerked my head back.. but pour it [the food] into one’s stomach .. They expect .. to perform the whole operation in two minutes. There were always six or seven to one..”

One her release Violet continued to run her West End boarding house. She died in 1940.


[i] Votes for Women November 19th 1908

[ii] The Heneleaze Book: Veronica Bowerman

Evelyn Billings record states that she was arrested twice on July 28th 1913 and August 11th 1913. Next to the first entry is a pencil star which refers to a footnote stating that no records have been found relating to the first arrest on her file. This seems to be an administrative error as the first arrest is recorded in the newspapers. Evelyn’s surname is variously spelt with and without an “s”. The correct spelling appears to be Billing as included in advertisements in suffrage newspapers.

Evelyn was the organiser of the West and North Kent branch of the WSPU. In January 1912 she gave a speech at a meeting of the Hastings Branch. “It was for them [Cabinet Ministers] to prove that they were dishonourable, and they pretty nearly always did it. A keen correspondent she often raise awareness of the cause by her letters to the press. She wrote to the Kent and Sussex Courier asking women to write to their Members of Parliament to protest at the force feeding of Olive Walton held in Aylesbury Gaol.

In July 1912 she travelled to London to take part in a protest in Trafalgar Square against the operation of the Cat and Mouse Act and the re arrest of Sylvia Pankhurst. Thirteen women and eleven men were arrested and charged, Evelyn with obstruction. According to the police Evelyn incited the crowd crying “Come on, men.” She then proceeded to grab a walking stick ran into Great Scotland Yard yelling to the crowd to follow her and break the windows at the Liberal Club. To this evidence Evelyn responded that it was all lies and raised a legal objection in that she understood there needed to be three witnesses for an offence to be proven. The magistrate pointed out this was incorrect to which Evelyn replied “Very well- I’ll find out for the next time, and we’ll get along”. The policeman “..has got the author’s brain and has invented a great yarn”. She was fined forty shillings or one month’s imprisonment. Evelyn shouted “Where are your witnesses?” and had to be forcibly removed from the court.

It appears that Evelyn did not go to goal as only a few weeks later she was arrested again for her part in an attempt to enter Downing Street. The crowd were described variously by the police as a mob or almost a riot. Evelyn was charged with obstruction and assault. A policeman attested that she had attempted to break through a cordon striking a policeman in the face. Evelyn argued that the police were in fact obstructing the crowd not the other way round, the magistrate whilst not agreeing with the argument decided to concentrate on the assault charge. Evelyn stated she was a “marked woman” and that when she had been arrested previously she had been assaulted by police officers. This the magistrate stated “...was futile and irrelevant” sentencing her to a fine or one month in prison. Evelyn stated her intent to go on hunger strike.

Whether Evelyn did or did not go on hunger strike is unknown but she did elect to go to prison. On her release she continued campaigning. In the October 25th 1913 edition of the Bexhill on Sea Observer a letter was published written in response to a speech given by the Bishop of Chichester at the Diocesan Conference. First Evelyn responded to the Bishop’s contention that women should not be elected to the synod, legislative council, of the church by outlining in detail why his argument was incorrect. It would be another nearly eighty years before the first women priests were ordained. The Bishop had referred to a “filthy” paper which Evelyn believed he meant the Suffragette newspaper which had recently included informative articles on venereal disease highlighting in particular the way married women could be infected by unfaithful husbands suffering in silence due to the collusion of male doctors. She attacked the church’s lack of desire to recognise this or poverty. “..Suffragists and Trade Unions are on the warpath, while the Church sleeps-or scoffs.” This impassioned conclusion sums up the actual underlining motive of many campaigners. They wanted the vote not for its own sake but to have a voice to raise awareness of poverty, disease or injustice.

No biographical information is given in any press report, the only clue is her role of organiser of the West and North Kent WSPU. When arrested she gave her address as the WSPU headquarters. Evelyn does not appear on the Roll of Honour of Suffragette Prisoners and no further personal information has been located.

Teresa Billington was arrested twice on June 21st 1906 and October 24th 1906. Teresa was born in Preston, Lancashire to a devout Roman Catholic family in 1877, she strongly opposed her family’s religious values becoming an agnostic. She eventually ran her away from home, went to night school and trained to be a teacher. Her refusal to teach religious studies lessons brought her into conflict with the authorities who summoned her to appear before the Manchester Education Committee. Emmeline Pankhurst heard her case and arranged for her to teach at a Jewish school where she would no longer be called upon to teach religious studies. Whilst studying for a degree alongside teaching Teresa became involved in the University of Manchester Settlement based in a deprived area of Manchester, Ancoats. The idea behind the Settlement was to bring learning to the community whilst exposing the more privileged to the impact of poverty on a community. Like so many of the suffragettes this exposure was to spur Teresa into campaigning for the vote.

A committed feminist Teresa was one of the first to join the Women’s Social and Political Union of which in due course she became an organiser having first served as an organiser of the Independent Labour Party. By 1905 Teresa was a regularly speaker on the Women’s Enfranchisement Bill or other topics such as Socialism and the Women’s Question. In April 1906 she was part of a group of women including Annie Kenney who gained access to the Ladies Gallery in the House of Commons during the debate on the Enfranchisement Bill. Their cries of protest led to them being forcibly removed but they were not charged with any offence.

In June 1906 Herbert Asquith was due to address a meeting of the Liberal Party. All week Teresa accompanied by Annie Kenney campaigned to raise awareness of their cause ahead of the meeting handing out fliers which read “Come in crowds to oppose Asquith, the enemy of liberty and justice.” They were joined by Emmeline Pankhurst later in the week.  All three gained entry to the meeting. As soon as Asquith rose to speak they attempted to drown him out.  Members of the audience and stewards bundled the women out of the hall. One newspaper report claimed Teresa produced a whip from under her skirt and lashed out with it. Given she was not charged with any offence and no other newspaper reports this this may well be an embellishment.  After she was ejected Emmeline rose to protest and when she was shouted down and removed others took her place to continue interrupting.

Only a week later Teresa attempted to knock on Asquith’s front door in Cavendish Square, London. When she refused to move on she was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct and inciting others. In court she refused to enter a plea or give any personal details on the basis that the courts were there to apply laws made by men and therefore had no jurisdiction over women. She was fined £10 or two months imprisonment which was later reduced to £5 or one month imprisonment. She did not serve much of her sentence as an anonymous sympathiser presented herself at Holloway Prison and paid the fine stating that the trial and initial imprisonment had raised the profile of the cause sufficiently negating the need to serve anymore of the sentence. Amusingly she was made to pay the full fine of £10 as the prison authorities were not aware of any reduction, they would in due course refund the difference if it proved to be true.

Alongside her hands on actions Teresa wrote many letters to the national press and articles explaining the rationale of the women’s actions. The Militant Policy of Women Suffragists outlined the reasons why women felt they had the right to protest. Her campaigning took its toll in The Woman and the Whip she wrote of leaving meetings “‘in a state of nervous humiliation, shocked, weeping, and shuddering.’[i] These feelings did not deter her and after her release from prison she continued campaigning addressing meetings during a tour of Scotland. By October Teresa had returned to London joining an attempt to enter the House of Commons. She was arrested and charged with using insulting and threatening language likely to lead to a breach of the peace. The court hearing was chaotic with one woman being arrested at the court. All of the women were fined but on refusing collectively to pay were sent to prison for two months.  They were all released having served one month.
Teresa returned to the campaign trial visiting the North of England and Scotland. During her work in Scotland she had met Frederick Lewis Greig, the manager of a billiard supplies company to whom she became engaged to much comment in the press that she had broken her vow not to marry until women obtained the vote. The reality was that she had told Frederick she would give a further year to the campaign before she wed. She married Frederick in Scotland in February 1907 in a low key ceremony intended to prevent journalists attending, the groom reportedly was working until an hour before the nuptials. In a very modern move they combined their surnames becoming Billington Greig. The couple went on to have one daughter, Fiona, born in 1915.

Teresa was straight back on the campaign trail after her marriage continuing to give talks and write to the newspapers. At a meeting of the WSPU in June 1907 she was presented with a belated wedding present, a typewriter, presented by Charlotte Despard. At the September conference of the WSPU the Emmeline Pankhurst stated her intent to run the organisation without any meddling from doubters of in particular the tendency of the leadership to take decisions without consultation. Charlotte Despard questioned this stance and Emmeline invited those who challenged her authority to found an organisation of their own. Teresa amongst others joined Charlotte and left forming the Women’s Freedom League.

The campaign continued with both organisations pushing their message but in different ways. In February 1910 Teresa, travelling to Scotland, was injured when the train she was travelling on hit a landslide derailing the train and sending some of the carriages into the sea. She sustained wrist and ankle injuries. Whilst continuing to question the leadership of the WSPU she became disenchanted with the Women’s Freedom League citing their “weak intimidation.” Thus largely independent of any group she campaigned by writing articles and books such as Women and the Machine published in 1913.
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With the dawn of the First World War Teresa she organised in Glasgow billiards afternoons for women where they could enjoy demonstrations, talks and playing to raise funds for the Sportsmen’s Ambulance Fund. In 1928 she returned to the fray campaigning for more women Members of Parliament.

She died in 1964.
 
 


[i] www.wcml.org.uk